Open Access
Review
Table 1
Illustration of heparin resistance mechanism.
| Antithrombin deficiency |
|
|---|---|
| Congenital | Acquired |
| Reduced levels of AT | Decreased synthesis (e.g., liver disease, malnutrition). |
| Reduced synthesis and or stability secondary to the gene mutations [15, 16] | Increased clearance (e.g., nephrotic syndrome) |
| Functionally defective AT | Increased consumption (heparin therapy) |
| Mutations leading to reduced activity | Upregulated haemostatic system (sepsis, infective endocarditis, DIVC, DVT, PE) |
| ECMO, IABP | |
| Medications (e.g., asparaginase) [17] | |
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