Original Articles

Clinical Evaluation of Measuring the ACT during Elective Cardiac Surgery with Two Different Devices

Departments of ^* Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine and
^† Clinical Perfusion, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
^‡ Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
^§ University of Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, Southampton, United Kingdom; and
^¶ Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Cape Town, and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa

Address correspondence to: Florian Falter, MD, FRCA, FFICM, PhD, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge CB23 3RE, Cambridgeshire, UK. E-mail: florian.falter@gmail.com

Received: 3 April 2017
Accepted: 23 October 2017

Abstract

Unfractionated heparin is the mainstay of anticoagulation during cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) due to its low cost, quick onset, and ease of reversal. Since over 30 years, the activated clotting time (ACT) has been used to assess the level of heparin activity both before and after CPB. We compared two different methods of measuring the ACT: i-STAT, which uses amperometric detection of thrombin cleavage, and Hemochron Jr, which is based on detecting viscoelastic changes in blood. We included 402 patients from three institutions (Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Groote Schuur, Cape Town, South Africa; University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland) undergoing elective cardiac surgery on CPB in our study. We analyzed duplicate samples on both devices at all standard measuring points during the procedure. The correlation coefficient between two Hemochron and two i-STAT devices was .9165 and .9857, respectively. The within-subject coefficient of variation (WSCV) ranged from 8.2 to 13.6% for the Hemochron and from 4.1 to 9.1% for the i-STAT. We found that the number of occasions where one of the duplicate readings was >1,000 seconds while the other was below or close to the clinically significant threshold of 400 seconds were higher for the Hemochron. We found the i-STAT to systematically return higher measurements. We conclude that the i-STAT provides a more reliable test for heparin activity and assesses safe anticoagulation during cardiac surgery on pump. The fact the that the i-STAT reads higher than the Hemochron leads to the recommendation to validate the methods against each other before changing devices.