Original Articles

Objective Content Validation of the Hemodynamic and Technical Parameters of the Orpheus^TM Cardiopulmonary Bypass Simulator

^* Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, College of Health Professions, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York;
^† Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Intermountain Medical Center, Syracuse, New York;
^‡ Simulation Center, College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; and
^§ Departments of Biology and Science Teaching, College of Arts and Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York

Address correspondence to: Bruce E. Searles, PhD, CCP, LP, Associate Professor and Department Chair, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210. E-mail: searlesb@upstate.edu

Received: 4 June 2021
Accepted: 20 August 2021

Abstract

The utilization of simulators for training is increasing in the professions associated with cardiac surgery. Before applying these simulators to high-stakes assessment, the simulator’s output data must be validated. The aim of this study is to validate a Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) simulator by comparing the simulated hemodynamic and technical outputs to published clinical norms. Three Orpheus™ CPB simulators were studied and compared to a published reference of physiologic and technical metrics that are managed during clinical CPB procedures. The limits of the simulators user modifiable variables were interrogated across their full range and the results were plotted against the published clinical norms. The data generated with the simulator conforms to validated clinical parameters for patients between 50 and 110 kg. For the pre- and post-CPB periods, the independent variables of central venous pressure (CVP), heart rate (HR), contractility, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) must be operated between the limits of 7 and 12 mmHg, 65 and 110 beats/min, 28% and 65%, and 6 and 32 units respectively. During full CPB the arterial pump flows should be maintained between 3.5 and 5.5 LPM and SVR between 18 and 38 units. Validated technical parameters during cardioplegia delivery are expected at solution flow rates between 250 and 400 mL/min and 100 and 225 mL/min for antegrade and retrograde delivery routes, respectively. We have identified the limits for user-modifiable settings that produce data conforming to the physiologic and technical parameter limits reported in the peer reviewed literature. These results can inform the development of simulation scenarios used for high stakes assessments of personnel, equipment, and technical protocols.