Table 1
Patient demographics and clinical characteristic for neonates requiring extracorporeal life support post-Norwood operation.
| Variables | n (%), median (IQR) |
|---|---|
| Age at day of surgery (days) | 6.0 (4.0, 7.0) |
| Weight at day of surgery (kg) | 3.2 (2.8, 3.5) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 40 (62%) |
| Female | 25 (38%) |
| Race | |
| Caucasian | 31 (48%) |
| African American | 29 (45%) |
| Asian | 0 (0%) |
| Hispanic | 3 (5%) |
| Other | 2 (3%) |
| Gestational Age (weeks) | 38.0 (37.0, 39.0) |
| Genetic Syndrome and Chromosomal Abnormality | 14 (21%) |
| Primary Cardiac Diagnosis | |
| HLHS | 50 (77%) |
| Aortic Atresia & critical aortic Stenosis | 3 (5%) |
| DILV | 4 (6%) |
| DORV | 1 (2%) |
| Single Ventricle Other | 3 (5%) |
| Single Ventricle, unbalanced AV canal | 0 (0%) |
| Tricuspid Atresia | 4 (6%) |
| Single Ventricle, heterotaxia | 0 (0%) |
| HLHS Variant | |
| MA/AA | 26 (51%) |
| MA/AS | 3 (6%) |
| MS/AA | 14 (28%) |
| MS/AS | 8 (16%) |
| Pre-Norwood Respiratory Support | |
| RA | 18 (28%) |
| NC | 14 (22%) |
| HFNC | 10 (15%) |
| NIPPV | 0 (0%) |
| Intubated | 23 (35%) |
| Pre-Norwood Prostaglandin Dose (mcg/kg/min) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) |
| Preoperative VIS-score | 0.0 (0.0, 5.0) |
| Pre-Norwood Transthoracic Echocardiogram | |
| Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation (AVVR) | |
| No – Trivial – Mild AVVR | 53 (83%) |
| Moderate – Severe | 11 (17%) |
| Systemic Ventricular Function | |
| Normal | 35 (55%) |
| Mild Dysfunction | 6 (9%) |
| Moderate – Severe Dysfunction | 23 (36%) |
| Pre-Norwood Ascending Aorta Diameter (mm) | |
| Diameter (mm) | 2.5 (1.9, 4.5) |
| Median z-score | −4.0 (−4.5, −2.7) |
| Pre-Norwood Ascending Aorta Groups Based on Diameter | |
| ≤1.5 mm | 3 (5%) |
| 1.6–1.9 mm | 16 (25%) |
| 2.0–3.9 mm | 25 (39%) |
| ≥4.0 mm | 21 (31%) |
| Source of Pulmonary Blood Flow | |
| m-BTT shunt | 28 (43%) |
| Sano Shunt | 37 (57%) |
| Type of systemic ventricle | |
| RV | 52 (80.0%) |
| LV | 12 (18%) |
| Undetermined | 1 (2%) |
| Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiogram | |
| Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation (AVVR) | |
| No – Trivial – Mild AVVR | 40 (74%) |
| Moderate – Severe | 14 (26%) |
| Systemic Ventricular Function | |
| Normal | 35 (65%) |
| Mild Dysfunction | 11 (20%) |
| Moderate – Severe Dysfunction | 8 (15%) |
| Cardiopulmonary Bypass Time (min) | 179.0 (157.0, 219.0) |
| Cross Clamp Time (min) | 69.5 (57.0, 83.5) |
| Circulatory Arrest Time (min) | 6.0 (2.0, 25.0) |
| Post-Norwood iNO on Arrival to CICU | 17 (26%) |
| Post-Norwood VIS Score | |
| First 24 h | 22.0 (15.0, 30.0) |
| Hours 24–48 | 27.0 (18.0, 38.0) |
| Delayed Sternal Closure | 54 (83%) |
| Time from CICU Arrival to ECLS Cannulation (h) | 94.9 (7.4, 288.4) |
| ECLS Cannulation Site | |
| Peripheral | 21 (33%) |
| Central | 43 (67%) |
| ECLS indication | |
| E-CPR | 27 (41%) |
| Cardiac | 38 (59%) |
| Arterial blood gas within 2 h from ECLS initiation | |
| Lowest pH | 7.3 (7.2, 7.4) |
| Highest serum lactic acid | 12.7 (4.6, 18.7) |
| Initial ECLS flow (first 4 h) (mL/kg/min) | 139.5 (107.4, 163.6) |
| Worst arterial blood gas within 24 h from ECLS initiation | |
| Lowest pH | 7.5 (7.4, 7.5) |
| Highest serum lactic acid | 1.9 (1.2, 8.4) |
| Post-Norwood cath intervention | 46 (71%) |
| Median PaO2 (mmHg) | 197.1 [95.8, 289.1] |
| PaO2 range (mmHg) | |
| Number of PaO2 samples per patient | 22.0 [19.0, 26.0] |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation (h) | 414.0 (246.5, 609.1) |
| Stage II or III AKI based on KDIGO score | 35 (54%) |
| Length of Stay (LOS) (days) | |
| CICU LOS | 22.0 (13.0, 41.0) |
| Postoperative LOS | 30.0 (16.0, 55.0) |
| Hospital LOS | 39.0 (23.0, 64.0) |
| Operative mortality | 38 (59%) |
Abbreviations: HLHS: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome; DILV: Double Inlet Left Ventricle; DORV: Double Outlet Right Ventricle; AV Canal: Atrioventricular Canal; MA: Mitral Atresia; MS: Mitral Stenosis; AA, Aortic Atresia; AS: Aortic Stenosis; RA: Room Air; NC: Nasal Canula; HFNC: High Flow Nasal Canula; NIPPV: Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation; VIS: Vasoactive Inotropic Score; m-BTT shunt: modified Blalock-Tausig-Thomas shunt; iNO: Inhaled Nitric Oxide; CICU: Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
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