Determination of insensible water loss and sodium accumulation behavior from the Medtronic Nautilus Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) oxygenator: An in vitro study

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Table 3

Summary of findings for previous in vitro studies on insensible water loss.

Study authors	Oxygenator/surface area membrane type	Fluid flow rate mL/min	Findings
Study authors	Sweep gas rate	Fluid loss per day per L/min sweep	Findings
Camacho et al. [1]	Avecor / 0.4 and 0.8 m² Silicone Membrane (Avecor Cardiovascular, Inc., Plymouth, MN, USA)	200, 400 mL/min	Membrane size and fluid flow rate did not affect water loss.
		200, 400 mL/min	Water loss increased significantly with increased sweep gas rate.
	0.5, 1.0, 2.0 L/min	72 ± 11.6 mL
Alexander et al. [7]	Medtronic Minimax / 0.8 m² Microporous hollow fiber (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)	300 mL/min	Ambient air temperature and relative humidity had no statistically significant effect on water loss.
		300 mL/min	Linear relationship between time, water loss, and sodium accumulation.
	2, 5, 10 L/min	82.7 ± 2.2 mL
Lawson and Holt [8]	Jostra Quadrox D / 1.8 m² PMP (Maquet, Bridgewater, NJ, USA)	500 mL/min	The relationship between water loss and sweep gas rate is approximately linear.
	2. 5, 10 L/min	48.0 ± 2.1 mL
Gill and O’Shaughnessy [2]	Hilite 2400LT / 0.65 m² PMP (Medos, Medizintechnik AG, Stolberg, Germany)	1000 mL/min	Heating and humidifying sweep gas resulted in a significant reduction in insensible water loss compared to heat-only trials.
Gill and O’Shaughnessy [2]		1000 mL/min	No significant difference in average water loss (mL/hour) per L/min of gas flow between all sweep gas rate groups.
	1, 3, 4.8 L/min	72.4 ± 3.9 mL	No measurable amounts of electrolytes were detected in collected water loss from gas exhaust.
			Water loss linear and directly proportional to sweep rate.
Li Li et al. [9]	Jostra Quadrox D / 1.8 m² PMP	500 mL/min	Water loss linearly correlated with sweep.
	Jostra Quadrox D / 1.8 m² PMP	500 mL/min	Water loss linearly correlated with temperature from 33–39 °C.
	3, 5, 7 L/min	66.2 mL @ 37 °C

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