Original Article

Designing an experimental method for assessing biocompatibility of circuit coatings using biomarkers for platelet activation during cardiopulmonary bypass

¹ Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
² Office of Research & Sponsored Program, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
³ College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
⁴ College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
⁵ College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
⁶ College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
⁷ Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada

^* Corresponding authors: ndarba@midwestern.edu; mesfan@midwestern.edu

Received: 2 February 2023
Accepted: 10 February 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiopulmonary bypass is an essential component of cardiothoracic surgeries. However, significant complications such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are a common occurrence due to contact between circulating blood and foreign surfaces that leads to platelet activation. It is suggested that different available CPB circuit coatings can potentially reduce platelet activation. However, there have been no published evidence-based reports confirming these claims. In addition, there is no well-established protocol for studying platelet activation biomarkers during CPB in vitro in a laboratory setting. Methods: CPB was simulated in the laboratory using bovine blood in two different types of coated CPB circuits: Trillium^® Biosurface by Medtronic, and Xcoating^TM Surface by Terumo. Fresh bovine blood samples were collected and circulated through the CPB circuit following the standard protocol used in the operation rooms. Blood samples were then collected at 5 min, 30 min, and 55 min during the circulation. Blood plasmas were separated and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure most established platelet activation markers P-selectin, Platelet Factor 4 (PF4), Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa), and β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) at different time points. Results: The biomarker values at 30 min and 55 min were compared to the base values at 5 min for each type of CPB circuit. The results of the means from all measured biomarkers showed data measurements that indicated no significant variability within each coating. All collected data points fell within ±2 SD of the means, which was considered acceptable variations across technical replicates.  Conclusion: In this study, we were able to establish an in vitro protocol in the laboratory setting that is precise and reliable with minimum intra-variability. This established protocol will allow for future studies in which different coated CPB circuits can be compared for their effectiveness in blocking platelet activation during the CPB.