Open Access
Table 1
Temperature management, thresholds, and nadirs from the literature.
| Category | Details | Authors |
|---|---|---|
| Safe temperature gradient (CPB) | Cooling gradient (blood-HCU): ≤10 °C | Engelman et al. [1] |
| Rewarming gradient (blood-core): ≤4 °C | ||
| Maximum rate | Cooling rate: 1 °C per 3–5 min | Wahba et al. [2] |
| Rewarming rate: 1 °C per 3–5 min | ||
| Temperature limits | Minimum allowable: 18 °C (for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest) | Saad and Aladawy [3] |
| Maximum allowable: 37 °C (avoid hyperthermia) | ||
| Deep hypothermia temperature protocol | Cooling phase: 37 °C → 18–22 °C, 1 °C every 3–5 min, Maintain blood-HCU ΔT ≤ 10 °C | Engelman et al. [1] |
| Hypothermic maintenance: 18–22 °C, stable, monitor NIRS | ||
| Controlled rewarming: 18–22 °C → 32 °C, 1 °C every 3–5 min, Keep blood-core ΔT ≤ 4 °C | ||
| Final rewarming: 32 °C → 36–37 °C, 1 °C every 5 min, monitor cerebral saturation (rSO2) to prevent overheating | ||
| Temperature-based oxygen delivery and flow adjustments | 37 °C (normothermic): 0%, ≥ 286 mL/min/m2, standard perfusion flow | Mukaida et al. [4] |
| 32 °C (mild hypothermia): ~ 20%, ≥ 220 mL/min/m2, Reduce flow ~ 10–15% | ||
| 28 °C (moderate hypothermia): ~ 50%, ≥ 180 mL/min/m2, Reduce flow ~ 30% | ||
| 22 °C (Deep Hypothermia): ~ 75%, ≥ 120 mL/min/m2, Reduce flow ~ 50% | ||
| 18 °C (deep hypothermic circulatory arrest): ~ 85%, ≥ 80 mL/min/m2, circulatory arrest or very low flow | ||
| Integration of temperature, DO2, and CO2 management | 37 °C: Alpha-stat, high flow, normothermia, standard CO2 removal | Condello et al. [6] |
| 32 °C: Alpha-stat, moderate-flow, reduced VO2, Moderate CO2 removal | Cavaliere et al. [7] | |
| 28 °C: Alpha-stat or pH-stat, lower flow, adjusted DO2, adjusted CO2 sweep | De Somer et al. [12] | |
| 22 °C: pH-stat, minimal flow to match metabolism, high CO2 sweep to maintain pH | ||
| 18 °C: pH-stat, low-flow or arrest, max CO2 sweep to prevent acidosis |
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.