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Table C
Breakdown of significant and insignificant pre-VA-ECMO patient factors by indication.
| Indication | Study | Study type | Insignificant patient factors | Significant patient factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In-hospital cardiac arrest | Arrigo et al. [32] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | – Age – Gender – Cardiac vs. non-cardiac etiology |
– Initial shockable rhythm – shorter low flow time – lower pre-ECMO lactate – lower SOFA score – lower pre-ECMO creatinine |
| In-hospital cardiac arrest | Bourcier et al. [31] | Single-center retrospective cohort study | – Age (in isolation) – Cardiac arrest cause – Cardiac arrest location – BMI – Sex |
– Initial shockable rhythm – Shorter low-flow time – Subsequent cardiovascular intervention – Age (multivariate analysis with low-flow time and presence of shockable rhythm) – Other mechanical support |
| Postcardiotomy shock | Fux et al. [33] | Single-center retrospective cohort study | – Pre-ECMO hemodialysis – Pre-ECMO CPR and IABP – CPB time – Cross-clamp time – Redo surgery – BMI – Sex – Atrial fibrillation |
Multivariate analysis: – Pre-ECMO lactate – Ischemic heart disease Univariate analysis: – Age – Pre-ECMO LVEF – Pre-ECMO MAP |
| Postcardiotomy shock age > 70 yrs | Biancari et al. [34] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | – PRBC transfusion – Redo surgery – Arterial complications – Liver failure |
– Age – Pre-ECMO lactate |
| Postcardiotomy shock | Mariani et al. [36] | Retrospective international multi-center study | – Sex – BMI – CAD – Pulmonary valve disease – Endocarditis – ASD – Preoperative vasopressors |
In-hospital mortality: – Age – Preoperative cardiogenic shock – Preoperative cardiac arrest – Preoperative septic shock – Preoperative cardiac diagnosis (aortic and valvular) – Preoperative creatinine |
| Postcardiotomy shock | Biancari et al. [37] | Individual patient data meta-analysis | – Central cannulation vs. peripheral | – Higher pre-ECMO lactate level – Pre-ECMO lactate level + age |
| Postcardiotomy shock | Laimoud et al. [38] | Retrospective single-center study | – Acute ischemic stroke – Cerebral bleeding – Bowel surgery |
– Higher pre-ECMO lactate – Atrial fibrillation – CKD – Higher CPB time – Higher aortic cross-clamp time – Lower SOFA score – Lower SAVE score |
| Cardiogenic Shock | Fernando et al. [35] | ELSO registry retrospective analysis | – Age 30–39 | – Age as early as 40 years associated with greater mortality |
| Calcium channel blocker toxicity | Subramanian et al. [39] | ELSO registry retrospective analysis | – Pre-ECLS cardiac arrest – Arrhythmia – Sepsis – Neurologic complications – Age – BMI |
– Pre-ECLS renal replacement therapy – Pre-ECLS severe acidosis (pH < 7.1) |
| All VA ECMO indications | Vigneshwar et al. [40] | Registry for CS: utility and efficacy of device therapy retrospective analysis | – Prior PCI – BMI – Postcardiotomy shock – Lactate pre-ECMO – Hypertension – Diabetes – ACS – Stroke |
– Older age – Pre-ECLS cardiac arrest – Chronic liver disease – Elevated total bilirubin – Pre-ECMO sinus rhythm was protective |
| All VA ECMO indications | Ingvarsdottir et al. [42] | Retrospective single-center study | – Underlying etiology – pH – Lactate – Biventricular failure |
– ECPR |
| STEMI with CS | Pang et al. [41] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | N/A | – TIMI-3 flow after PCI (protective) – BMI > 25 kg/m2 – Arrest to ECMO time – CPR time – Lactate >8 mmol/L – Anterior wall infarction – Age > 65 years |
| Early graft dysfunction post-heart transplant | Aleksova et al. [43] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | – Recipient sex – Donor sex – Ischemic time – Pretransplant VAD |
– Older recipient age – Prior sternotomy – Increasing donor age |
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