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Table D
Breakdown of significant pre-VA-ECMO patient factors by study, and measured outcomes.
| Study | Significant patient factors | Relevant outcomes of study |
|---|---|---|
| Arrigo et al. [32] | – Initial shockable rhythm: 49.5% vs. 37.2%, OR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.05–2.61; p = 0.03 – Shorter low-flow time: 28.7 ± 4.1 vs. 46.1 ± 5.1 min, p < 0.00001 – Lower pre-ECMO lactate levels: 6.9 ± 0.8 vs. 11.0 ± 0.50 mmol/L, p < 0.0001 – Lower SOFA score (PMD –1.71 [−2.93, −0.50], p = 0.006) – Lower pre-ECMO creatinine: 1.11 ± 0.05 vs. 1.48 ± 0.06 mg/dL, p = 0.003 – Shorter low-flow time and lower blood lactate during CCPR associated with CPC 1–2 (OR 1.04 [1.00–1.08] and 1.31 [1.13–1.52], respectively) |
– Primary: survival to discharge (IHCA patients) – Secondary: rate of favorable neurological outcome at discharge (cerebral performance categories (CPC) 1 or 2 – absent to moderate disability) |
| Bourcier et al. [31] | – Initial shockable rhythm (53.3% vs. 24.3%, p < 0.01) – Shorter low-flow time (30 (25–53) vs.50 (35–80) min, p < 0.01) – Subsequent cardiovascular intervention (63.3% vs. 26.2%, p < 0.01) – Age ≥ 55 (multivariate analysis with low-flow time and presence of shockable rhythm) (multivariable OR: 4.8, 95% CI: [1.7–15.4], p = 0.005) – Other mechanical support (univariable OR: 0.3 95%CI: [0.1–0.9], p = 0.03) |
– Primary: in ICU mortality – Secondary: 1-year survival post-hospital discharge with good neurological outcome |
| Fux et al. [33] | – Pre-ECMO lactate (OR per unit: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07–14.0, p = 0.004) – Ischemic heart disease (OR: 7.87, 95% CI: 2.55–24.3, p < 0.001) |
– Association between ECMO implant variables and all-cause mortality at 90 days |
| Biancari et al. [34] | – Pre-ECMO lactate >6 mmol/L (82.6% vs. 70.4%, p = 0.029) – Age > 70 years (76.1% vs. 58.7%, adjusted OR: 2.199, 95% CI: 1.536–3.149) |
– In-hospital mortality, or within 30 days after cardiac surgery |
| Mariani et al. [36] | – Age: non-survivors average age 67 (58–73) vs. survivors average age 61.75 (52.2–70), p < 0.001 – Pre-operative cardiac arrest HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08–1.66, p = 0.0073 – Pre-operative cardiogenic shock 17.9% in survivors vs. 23.6% in non-survivors, p = 0.002 |
– In-hospital mortality – Post-discharge mortality |
| Biancari et al. [37] | – Pre-ECMO lactate level: lactate 9.3 mmol/L in non-survivors vs. 6.6 mmol/L in survivors, p < 0.0001 – Pre-ECMO lactate level + age (see text) |
– In-hospital mortality – On VA ECMO mortality |
| Laimoud et al. [38] | – Pre-ECMO lactate: initial level > 6.25 mmol/L AUROC: 0.731, OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.016–1.721, p = 0.032 – Atrial fibrillation: Non-survivors 41.35% vs. 12.5% in survivors, p < 0.001 – CKD: CKD: 26.9 vs. 6.3%, p = 0.004 – CPB time: 237 min vs. 192 min, p = 0.016 – Aortic cross-clamp time: 160 vs. 124 min, p = 0.04 – SOFA score: 13.5 vs. 9, p < 0.001 – SAVE score: −3 vs. 3, p < 0.001 |
– In-hospital mortality |
| Fernando et al. [35] | – Age at ECMO initiation: 40–49 (OR: 1.26, [95% CI:1.08–1.47]) 50–59 (OR:1.78, [95% CI: 1.55–2.06]) 60–69 (OR: 2.24 [95% CI: 1.94–2.59]) 70–79 (OR: 2.90 [95% CI: 3.13–5.20]) |
– In-hospital mortality |
| Subramanian et al. [39] | – Pre-ECLS renal replacement therapy: OR: 10.08, 95% CI: 1.95–52.00, p = 0.006 – Pre-ECLS pH ≥7.1 vs <7.1: OR: 3.87, 95% CI: 1.15–12.99, p = 0.028 |
– In-hospital mortality |
| Vigneshwar et al. [40] | – Age: OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.008–1.032, p = 0.0008 – Total bilirubin pre-ECMO OR: 1.082, 95% CI: 1.082–1.017, p = 0.01 – History of chronic liver disease: OR: 9.486, 95% CI: 1.0165–77.26, p = 0.04 – Pre-ECMO sinus rhythm (protective): OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.222–0.685, p = 0.001 – Pre-ECMO cardiac arrest: OR: 1.735, 95% CI: 1.084–2.775, p = 0.02 |
– In-hospital mortality |
| Pang et al. [41] | – TIMI-3 flow after PCI (protective): OR: 0.12, 95%CI: 0.04–0.34 – BMI >25 kg/m2: OR: 3.98, 95% CI: 0.92–17.25 – Arrest to ECMO time: OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1–2.66 – CPR time: OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.21–2.83 – Lactate >8 mmol/L: OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 0.36–23.61 – Anterior wall infarction: OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.37–2.07 – Age > 65 years: OR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.48–4.24 |
– Predictors of short-term mortality – Incidence of complications during VA ECMO run |
| Aleksova et al. [43] | Short term mortality: – Advancing recipient age: OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.04 – Prior sternotomy: OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 0.99–2.49 – Older donor age: OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.03 1-year mortality: – Older recipient age: OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.04 – Prior sternotomy: OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.00–2.43 – Older donor age: OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.03 |
– Mortality on VA ECMO – Short-term mortality (30 day or in-hospital) − 1-year mortality |
| Ingvarsdottir et al. [42] | – ECPR: OR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.66–8.31, p < 0.01 | − 1-year outcomes post- ECMO |
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