Original Article

Simulation use in perfusion education: A 2025 survey of United States programs

¹ Maimonides Medical Center, Perfusion Department, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA
² College of Health Professions, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 29 August 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025

Abstract

Background: Simulation-based education (SBE) is increasingly used in training students in allied healthcare, yet data on its role in United States (U.S.) perfusion programs are limited. This study surveyed perfusion programs with the purpose of assessing simulation use, curricular integration, challenges, and future directions. Methods: A 22-question validated survey was distributed via REDCap to all 23 perfusion program directors in the U.S. between March and April 2025. Questions addressed demographics, simulation infrastructure, curricular integration, challenges, and future directions. Results: The response rate was 100%. All programs use at least one simulation modality, and 82.6% use high-fidelity simulation. Most programs (69.6%) fully embed simulation into credit-bearing courses, and 73.9% grade student performance. 60.9% of programs report that they have a dedicated simulation space. 56.5% report a lack of a dedicated budget. Common challenges identified were time constraints (73.9%) and limited faculty manpower (65.2%). While all programs teach adult CPB using simulation, the incorporation of pediatric CPB, ECMO, and IABP simulation is less common. Conclusion: SBE is widely adopted in perfusion programs across the U.S., but standardization, faculty training, and curricular integration are necessary to optimize its impact.