EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 50 / No 1 (March 2018) J Extra Corpor Technol, 50 1 (2018) 5-18 References
Free Access
Issue
J Extra Corpor Technol
Volume 50, Number 1, March 2018
Page(s) 5 - 18
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/ject/201850005
Published online 15 March 2018
  1. Stoney WS. Evolution of cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 2009;119:2844–53. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ferraris VA. Heroes and evidence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;124:11–3. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bull BS, Korpman RA, Huse WM, et al. Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. I. Problems inherent in existing heparin protocols. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1975;69:674–84. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Young JA KC, Doty DB. Adequate anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass determined by activated clotting time and the appearance of fibrin monomer. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 1978;26:231–40. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Na S. Stabilized infective endocarditis and altered heparin responsiveness during cardiopulmonary bypass. World journal of surgery. 2009;33:1862–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Garvin S, FitzGerald DC, Despotis G, et al. Heparin concentration-based anticoagulation for cardiac surgery fails to reliably predict heparin bolus dose requirements. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:849–55. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Grima C. The effects of intermittent prebypass heparin dosing in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Perfusion. 2003;18:283–9. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Neema P, Sinha P, Rathod R. Activated clotting time during cardiopulmonary bypass: Is repetition necessary during open heart surgery? Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals. 2004;12:47–52. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Shore-Lesserson L. Evidence based coagulation monitors: Heparin monitoring, thromboelastography, and platelet function. Seminars in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. 2005;9:41–52. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Machin D, Devine P. The effect of temperature and aprotinin during cardiopulmonary bypass on three different methods of activated clotting time measurement. The Journal of extra-corporeal technology. 2005;37:265–71. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Leyvi G, Shore-Lesserson L, Harrington D, et al. An investigation of a new activated clotting time MAX-ACT in patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2001;92:578–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Koster A, Fischer T, Praus M, et al. Hemostatic activation and inflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass: Impact of heparin management. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:837–41. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Despotis GJ, Joist JH, Hogue CWJr, et al. The impact of heparin concentration and activated clotting time monitoring on blood conservation. A prospective, randomized evaluation in patients undergoing cardiac operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;110:46–54. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Despotis GJ, Joist JH, Hogue CWJr, et al. More effective suppression of hemostatic system activation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery by heparin dosing based on heparin blood concentrations rather than ACT. Thromb Haemost. 1996;76:902–8. [Google Scholar]
  15. Pappalardo F, Franco A, Crescenzi G, et al. Anticoagulation management in patients undergoing open heart surgery by activated clotting time and whole blood heparin concentration. Perfusion. 2006;21:285–90. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hofmann B, Bushnaq H, Kraus FB, et al. Immediate effects of individualized heparin and protamine management on hemostatic activation and platelet function in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with tranexamic acid antifibrinolytic therapy. Perfusion. 2013;28:412–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Newsome J, Stipanovich K, Flaherty S. Comparison of heparin administration using the Rapidpoint Coag and Hepcon HMS. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2004;36:139–44. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hansen R, Koster A, Kukucka M, et al. A quick anti-Xa-activity-based whole blood coagulation assay for monitoring unfractionated heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass: A pilot investigation. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:533–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hellstern P, Bach J, Simon M, et al. Heparin monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery using the one-step point-of-care whole blood anti-factor-Xa clotting assay heptest-POC-Hi. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2007;39:81–6. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gravlee GP, Haddon WS, Rothberger HK, et al. Heparin dosing and monitoring for cardiopulmonary bypass. A comparison of techniques with measurement of subclinical plasma coagulation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990;99:518–27. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gravlee GP, Rogers AT, Dudas LM, et al. Heparin management protocol for cardiopulmonary bypass influences postoperative heparin rebound but not bleeding. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:393–401. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ichikawa J, Kodaka M, Nishiyama K, et al. Reappearance of circulating heparin in whole blood heparin concentration-based management does not correlate with postoperative bleeding after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;28:1015–9. [Google Scholar]
  23. Bosch YP, Ganushchak YM, de Jong DS. Comparison of ACT point-of-care measurements: Repeatability and agreement. Perfusion. 2006;21:27–31. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Wallock M, Jeske WP, Bakhos M, et al. Evaluation of a new point of care heparin test for cardiopulmonary bypass: The TAS heparin management test. Perfusion. 2001;16:147–53. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Leyvi G, Zhuravlev I, Inyang A, et al. Arterial versus venous sampling for activated coagulation time measurements during cardiac surgery: A comparative study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2004;18:573–80. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Searles B, Nasrallah F, Darling E, et al. How does the age of a blood sample affect it's activated clotting time? Comparison of eight different devices. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2002;34:175–7. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Welsby IJ, McDonnell E, El-Moalem H, et al. Activated clotting time systems vary in precision and bias and are not interchangeable when following heparin management protocols during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Clin Monit Comput. 2002;17:287–92. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Raymond PD, Ray MJ, Callen SN, et al. Heparin monitoring during cardiac surgery. Part 2: Calculating the overestimation of heparin by the activated clotting time. Perfusion. 2003;18:277–81. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Patteril M, Stafford-Smith M, Toffaletti JG, et al. Changing systems for measuring activated clotting times: Impact on the clinical practice of heparin anticoagulation during cardiac surgery. Clin Chim Acta. 2005;356:218–24. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Chavez JJ, Foley DE, Snider CC, et al. A novel thrombelastograph tissue factor/kaolin assay of activated clotting times for monitoring heparin anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1290–4. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Leyvi G, Shore-Lesserson L, Harrington D, et al. An investigation of a new activated clotting time “MAX-ACT” in patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:578–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Machin D, Devine P. The effect of temperature and aprotinin during cardiopulmonary bypass on three different methods of activated clotting time measurement. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2005;37:265–71. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Ganter MT, Monn A, Tavakoli R, et al. Monitoring activated clotting time for combined heparin and aprotinin application: In vivo evaluation of a new aprotinin-insensitive test using Sonoclot. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:278–84. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Ganter MT, Monn A, Tavakoli R, et al. Kaolin-based activated coagulation time measured by sonoclot in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21:524–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Watson H, Davidson S, Keeling D; Haemostasis and Thrombosis Task Force of the British Committee for Standards in H. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Second edition. Br J Haematol. 2012;159:528–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Prechel MM, Walenga JM. Emphasis on the role of PF4 in the incidence, pathophysiology and treatment of heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb J. 2013;11:7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Bircher AJ, Harr T, Hohenstein L, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to anticoagulant drugs: Diagnosis and management options. Allergy. 2006;61:1432–40. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. CDC. Acute allergic-type reactions among patients undergoing hemodialysis: Multiple states, 2007–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:124–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:252–261. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Warkentin TE. Clinical picture of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and its differentiation from non-HIT thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 2016;116:813–822. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kerendi F, Thourani VH, Puskas JD, et al. Impact of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia on postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:1548–53; discussion 1554–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Bennett-Guerrero E, Slaughter TF, White WD, et al. Preoperative anti-PF4/heparin antibody level predicts adverse outcome after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:1567–72. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kress DC, Aronson S, McDonald ML, et al. Positive heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody complex and cardiac surgical outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1737–43. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Stribling WK, Slaughter TF, Houle TT, et al. Beyond the platelet count: Heparin antibodies as independent risk predictors. Am Heart J. 2007;153:900–6. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Linkins LA, Dans AL, Moores LK, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e495S–530S. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Selleng S, Haneya A, Hirt S, et al. Management of anticoagulation in patients with subacute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia scheduled for heart transplantation. Blood. 2008;112:4024–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA. Serological investigation of patients with a previous history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who are reexposed to heparin. Blood. 2014;123:2485–93. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, et al. American College of Chest P. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:340S–380S. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Lubenow N, Kempf R, Eichner A, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Temporal pattern of thrombocytopenia in relation to initial use or reexposure to heparin. Chest. 2002;122:37–42. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 1996;101:502–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Nuttall GA, Oliver WCJr, Santrach PJ, et al. Patients with a history of type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis requiring cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: A prospective observational case series. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:344–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Potzsch B, Klovekorn WP, Madlener K. Use of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:515. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Warkentin TE, Arnold DM, Nazi I, et al. The platelet serotonin-release assay. Am J Hematol. 2015;90:564–72. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41:49–60. [Google Scholar]
  55. Piednoir P, Allou N, Provenchere S, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiac surgery: An observational study of 1,722 patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26:585–90. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Lo GK, Juhl D, Warkentin TE, et al. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T's) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:759–65. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Lillo-Le Louet A, Boutouyrie P, Alhenc-Gelas M, et al. Diagnostic score for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:1882–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Cuker A, Arepally G, Crowther MA, et al. The HIT expert probability (HEP) score: A novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinion. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:2642–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Cuker A, Gimotty PA, Crowther MA, et al. Predictive value of the 4Ts scoring system for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2012;120:4160–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1286–92. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Horsewood P, et al. Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2000;96:1703–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Pouplard C, May MA, Regina S, et al. Changes in platelet count after cardiac surgery can effectively predict the development of pathogenic heparin-dependent antibodies. Br J Haematol. 2005;128:837–41. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Recognition, treatment, and prevention: The seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest. 2004;126:311S–337S. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Berkun Y, Haviv YS, Schwartz LB, et al. Heparin-induced recurrent anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:1916–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Grims RH, Weger W, Reiter H, et al. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to low molecular weight heparins and heparinoids: Cross-reactivity does not depend on molecular weight. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:514–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Jappe U. Allergy to heparins and anticoagulants with a similar pharmacological profile: An update. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2006;17:605–13. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Koster A, Spiess B, Chew DP, et al. Effectiveness of bivalirudin as a replacement for heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:356–9. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Zucker ML, Koster A, Prats J, et al. Sensitivity of a modified ACT test to levels of bivalirudin used during cardiac surgery. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2005;37:364–8. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Merry AF. Focus on thrombin: Alternative anticoagulants. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;11:256–60. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Nagle EL, Tsu LV, Dager WE. Bivalirudin for anticoagulation during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and recombinant factor VIIa for iatrogenic coagulopathy. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45:e47. [Google Scholar]
  71. Koster A, Dyke CM, Aldea G, et al. Bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with previous or acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin antibodies: Results of the CHOOSE-ON trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:572–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Dyke CM, Smedira NG, Koster A, et al. A comparison of bivalirudin to heparin with protamine reversal in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: The EVOLUTION-ON study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:533–9. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Stratmann G, deSilva AM, Tseng EE, et al. Reversal of direct thrombin inhibition after cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1635–9. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Koster A, Buz S, Krabatsch T, et al. Effect of modified ultrafiltration on bivalirudin elimination and postoperative blood loss after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: Assessment of different filtration strategies. J Card Surg. 2008;23:655–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Schwartz J, Winters JL, Padmanabhan A, et al. Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The sixth special issue. J Clin Apher. 2013;28:145–284. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Welsby IJ, Um J, Milano CA, et al. Plasmapheresis and heparin reexposure as a management strategy for cardiac surgical patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:30–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Chu FV, et al. Plasma exchange to remove HIT antibodies: Dissociation between enzyme-immunoassay and platelet activation test reactivities. Blood. 2015;125:195–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Addonizio VPJr, Fisher CA, Kappa JR, et al. Prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during open heart surgery with iloprost (ZK36374). Surgery. 1987;102:796–807. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Palatianos GM, Foroulis CN, Vassili MI, et al. Preoperative detection and management of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing heart surgery with iloprost. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:548–54. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Koster A, Kukucka M, Bach F, et al. Anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II and renal impairment using heparin and the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist tirofiban. Anesthesiology. 2001;94:245–51. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Tanigawa Y, Yamada T, Matsumoto K, et al. Non-recovery of ACT in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II during mitral valve replacement using argatroban anticoagulation. J Anesth. 2013;27:951–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Genzen JR, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt D, et al. Prolonged elevation of plasma argatroban in a cardiac transplant patient with a suspected history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis. Transfusion. 2010;50:801–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Agarwal S, Ullom B, Al-Baghdadi Y, et al. Challenges encountered with argatroban anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2012;28:106–10. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Follis F, Filippone G, Montalbano G, et al. Argatroban as a substitute of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass: A safe alternative? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;10:592–6. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Murphy GS, Marymont JH. Alternative anticoagulation management strategies for the patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21:113–26. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Galeone A, Rotunno C, Guida P, et al. Monitoring incomplete heparin reversal and heparin rebound after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27:853–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Murray DJ, Brosnahan WJ, Pennell B, et al. Heparin detection by the activated coagulation time: A comparison of the sensitivity of coagulation tests and heparin assays. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1997;11:24–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Guo Y, Tang J, Du L, et al. Protamine dosage based on two titrations reduces blood loss after valve replacement surgery: A prospective, double-blinded, randomized study. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:547–52. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Shigeta O, Kojima H, Hiramatsu Y, et al. Low-dose protamine based on heparin-protamine titration method reduces platelet dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;118:354–60. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Runge M, Moller CH, Steinbruchel DA. Increased accuracy in heparin and protamine administration decreases bleeding: A pilot study. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2009;41:10–4. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Shore-Lesserson L, Reich DL, DePerio M. Heparin and protamine titration do not improve haemostasis in cardiac surgical patients. Can J Anaesth. 1998;45:10–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Gundry SR, Drongowski RA, Coran AG, et al. Failure of automated protamine titration to determine the protamine reversal dose of systemic heparin: Comparison with other methods. Curr Surg. 1986;43:110–2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Wang J, Ma HP, Zheng H. Blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass, standard vs. titrated protamine: A meta-analysis. Neth J Med. 2013;71:123–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Vonk AB, Veerhoek D, van den Brom CE, et al. Individualized heparin and protamine management improves rotational thromboelastometric parameters and postoperative hemostasis in valve surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;28:235–41. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Koster A, Borgermann J, Gummert J, et al. Protamine overdose and its impact on coagulation, bleeding, and transfusions after cardiopulmonary bypass: Results of a randomized double-blind controlled pilot study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014;20:290–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Mochizuki T, Olson PJ, Szlam F, et al. Protamine reversal of heparin affects platelet aggregation and activated clotting time after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:781–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Carr MEJr, Carr SL. At high heparin concentrations, protamine concentrations which reverse heparin anticoagulant effects are insufficient to reverse heparin anti-platelet effects. Thromb Res. 1994;75:617–30. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Dunning J, Versteegh M, Fabbri A, et al. Guideline on antiplatelet and anticoagulation management in cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34:73–92. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Martin P, Horkay F, Gupta NK, et al. Heparin rebound phenomenon: Much ado about nothing? Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1992;3:187–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Taneja R, Marwaha G, Sinha P, et al. Elevated activated partial thromboplastin time does not correlate with heparin rebound following cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2009;56:489–96. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Teoh KH, Young E, Blackall MH, et al. Can extra protamine eliminate heparin rebound following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;128:211–9. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Nybo M, Madsen JS. Serious anaphylactic reactions due to protamine sulfate: A systematic literature review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;103:192–6. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Boigner H, Lechner E, Brock H, et al. Life threatening cardiopulmonary failure in an infant following protamine reversal of heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass. Paediatr Anaesth. 2001;11:729–32. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Kimmel SE, Sekeres M, Berlin JA, et al. Mortality and adverse events after protamine administration in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:1402–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Welsby IJ, Newman MF, Phillips-Bute B, et al. Hemodynamic changes after protamine administration: Association with mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:308–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Kimmel SE, Sekeres MA, Berlin JA, et al. Adverse events after protamine administration in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: Risks and predictors of under-reporting. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:1–10. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Ford SA, Kam PC, Baldo BA, et al. Anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:684–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Viaro F, Dalio MB, Evora PR. Catastrophic cardiovascular adverse reactions to protamine are nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate dependent and endothelium mediated: Should methylene blue be the treatment of choice? Chest. 2002;122:1061–6. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Comunale ME, Maslow A, Robertson LK, et al. Effect of site of venous protamine administration, previously alleged risk factors, and preoperative use of aspirin on acute protamine-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17:309–13. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Ocal A, Kiris I, Erdinc M, et al. Efficiency of prostacyclin in the treatment of protamine-mediated right ventricular failure and acute pulmonary hypertension. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2005;207:51–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Olinger GN, Becker RM, Bonchek LI. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and peripheral vascular collapse following cardiopulmonary bypass: Rare protamine reaction? Ann Thorac Surg. 1980;29:20–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Pretorius M, Scholl FG, McFarlane JA, et al. A pilot study indicating that bradykinin B2 receptor antagonism attenuates protamine-related hypotension after cardiopulmonary bypass. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;78:477–85. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Lee GM, Welsby IJ, Phillips-Bute B, et al. High incidence of antibodies to protamine and protamine/heparin complexes in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood. 2013;121:2828–35. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Bakchoul T, Zollner H, Amiral J, et al. Anti-protamine-heparin antibodies: Incidence, clinical relevance, and pathogenesis. Blood. 2013;121:2821–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Vincent GM, Janowski M, Menlove R. Protamine allergy reactions during cardiac catheterization and cardiac surgery: Risk in patients taking protamine-insulin preparations. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1991;23:164–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Bernabei A, Gikakis N, Maione TE, et al. Reversal of heparin anticoagulation by recombinant platelet factor 4 and protamine sulfate in baboons during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;109:765–71. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Levy JH, Cormack JG, Morales A. Heparin neutralization by recombinant platelet factor 4 and protamine. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:35–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Demma L, Levy JH. A case series of recombinant platelet factor 4 for heparin reversal after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2012;115:1273–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Kikura M, Lee MK, Levy JH. Heparin neutralization with methylene blue, hexadimethrine, or vancomycin after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:223–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Stafford-Smith M, Lefrak EA, Qazi AG, et al. Efficacy and safety of heparinase I versus protamine in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:229–40. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.